https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.00388/full?fbclid=IwAR1KRgd5H9df7yX-dbkRPaw69_wgZ5kdbaBzGOqHM1VWLKX9P2L14IF_hVQ
Above is the link to the actual paper if you are interested. If the link doesn't work, copy and paste it into your browser. For those of you who are only interested in the GSD (German Shepherd Dog), the summary follows.
PYO - Pyometria - infection of the uterus usually resulting in being spayed.
UI - Urinary Incontinence - Unable to control the bladder
German Shepherd Dog
The study population was 514 intact males, 272 neutered males, 173 intact females, and 298 spayed females for a total of 1,257 cases. In males and females left intact, the occurrence of one or more joint disorders was 6 and 5 percent, respectively. Neutering males at <6 mo., 6–11 mo. and 1–2 years was associated with increased risks of this measure to 19, 18 and 9 percent, respectively (p <0.01). Spaying females at <6 mo. and 6–11 mo. was associated with a 20 and 15 percent level of increased risk (p <0.01), and spaying at 1–2 years with a 5 percent risk level (p <0.05). The occurrence of one or more of the cancers followed for intact males and females was 3 percent and 2 percent, respectively. Neutering at the various ages was not associated with any appreciable increased risk in cancers followed. The occurrence of MC in intact females was 5 percent and for those spayed at 2–8 years, 6 percent. Of intact females, 3 percent were reported with PYO. UI ranged up to 9 percent for females spayed from <6 mo. through 1 year of age (p <0.05–0.01). The suggested guideline for males, given the risks of joint disorders, is delaying neutering until over 2 years of age. For females, with the same joint issues as males plus the risks of UI, the suggested guideline is delaying spaying until over 2 years of age.
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